I. Introduction.
This test allows us to string together some ideas concerning one of the most important stages in Western history. There is no doubt that modern civilization due to Greek culture an accumulation of contributions covering theoretical and practical areas of the arts, philosophy, politics, morality and science. That is why Karl Jaspers categorized Greece as a hub element in his scheme of 'time axis' where the historical dynamics of this culture allowed the consolidation of a system not only scientific and cultural but also ethical and political. In the design jasperiana interesting approach to Hegel's philosophical discourse, particularly with regard to the systematization of the State from the ethical construction of collective political action of citizens. From this perspective Greece symbolize a sort of absolute right of the political paradigm of Western culture. Now, the process of acculturation discourse was underpinned by a dynamic expansion of trade. However, the Greek world was also a cluster nations with political differences. Despite being a nation of ethnic similarities, the political gives a greater degree to the social differences of each polis. Thus, Greece would not be free of a whole set of critical processes as part of developing global slavery. Therefore, these lines will make a detailed analysis on the impact that produced the Peloponnesian War in the economic, political, social, technological, military and cultural-century Greece IV.
II. Analysis of historical process.
As Vidal-Naquet said the Peloponnesian War was a turning point in the history of Greece. Had wide repercussions not only in the political sphere but also in the metastasis of the Gordian knots of the popular and growing poverty in the state of permanent war between nations. Peloponnesian Wars showed a struggle for control of the Greek world between the military state of Sparta and the Athenian establishment. This quest for control of the levers of power has been mired a major issue relating to the lack of an imperialistic and expansive practice in Spartan policy, different from the global vision and of Athens. This leads us to think that historical turning processes were much more rapid and violent as they unleashed a barrage of popular uprisings, wars and riots around the world oligarchic Greek. The Spartan state was enshrined as an empire, but failed to consolidate an apparatchik strong enough to position in time. This was due to the decline of Lycurgus did not hold an imperialist discourse, much less was a militaristic expansionist objectives. During the primacy Athenian Delian League was an important institution to ensure the pax helena, and especially to counteract social inequality and political power of Sparta. With the nation's military victory materialized doria the collapse of the Athenian hegemony supported by rationality institutional. The ineffectiveness of the unique and ephemeral Spartan empire unleashed a permanent state of war in most parts of the Greek world. Aut Vincere aut mori! (Or win, or die!) Was the watchword in post war times paroxysm Peloponnesian War. Even the head of state assured peace Thebes of old, needed to make possible the productive and commercial activities. On the other hand, the dynamics of permanent war led to a specialization in the exercise thereof and in the development of new military techniques. The military practice was no longer the privilege of a caste to go to become the trigger of a specialized group. The strategoi, or war strategists, planners are positioned as advanced in various military campaigns. Also, it gives a specific weight to the cavalry division, a Navy combat, siege techniques and light infantry, a former stronghold of the landed gentry, especially in the meadows Spartan hoplite army. The new infantry Characterology concocted acquired a more popular, where the forces of the vanguard was composed of peldastas. Now, the permanent state of war also became a mercenary in the wake growth of the impoverishment of the masses. The agricultural crisis forced many farmers poor to migrate in search of improvements to its financial position. The demand for soldiers to join the ranks of the military allowed the support of the mercenary. The rich and aristocrats invested in the purchase of mercenaries with the objective of safeguarding their interests. In some regions the mercenaries took on a force capable of placing a stone's throw from the legal-political order of the cities. The leaders of these irregular groups incited his followers to commit acts of prey, especially in times that required his services in the militia. This problem forced the Greek intelligentsia to stop lying in the search for solutions. Isocrates proposed the granting of land to Mercenaries, on the outskirts of the city. On the other hand, Plato and Aristotle stressed the need to consolidate the figure and the role of the citizen as a soldier with the aim of giving a teleological sense to the practice of the military from the perspective of the state. However, the failed mercenary neutralize the violent agitation of the social movements around the world. This was mainly due to the oppressive, exclusionary and inequitable of slavery. The dynamics of these processes resulted in the stasis, ie a breakdown of social and political balance in the Greek world. In different cities are triggered popular uprisings, revolutions, and as a reaction against them, from the aristocratic power run raids, massacres and the establishment of tyrannical governments. It is clear that the crisis has not only shaken the field, but also the city. In the trade hub of poverty was capitalized by the concentration of wealth in few hands. As a corollary of this inequality pockets of poverty are enormous. Thus most thetes, impoverished population, lived on state subsidies or their services as mercenaries in the military. The city went into an irreversible path toward collapse. With the breakdown of cities located in the new global legal and political discourse of the monarchy. Since Macedonia's proposal will achieve consolidated monarchical after the military victory of Philip II. The hegemon will end by force to the stage of the stasis. Thus, the Macedonian imperialism not seek submission, but the forced union of all the Greek nations. Finally, we note that the processes occurring in the fourth century had marked effects in different regions and cities in the Hellenic world. Therefore, in Athens caused a great wealth of ideas designed to pacifism to the stage of permanent war. Likewise, the rise in poverty brutal connected much more intellectual sector social concerns. In the field of political exercise did curdle the professionalization of political theory and praxis. But these theoretical efforts could not prevent the movement of Homo Politicus, and the emergence of homo economicus, in extremis chrematistic symbol. Above all, taking into account the development of finance, commercial law, banking, interest activity, and credit. All in time to slavery and exploitation in tandem with the repressive policies and concentration of wealth in the hands of the aristocracy.
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